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French nuclear deterrence for Europe: how effective could it be against Russia?

Benoît Grémare, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 In February 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron said it was time to reflect on the European dimension of French nuclear deterrence. He proposed a strategic dialogue as well as joint nuclear exercises between European partners. Five years later, Germany’s likely next chancellor, Friedrich Merz, responded to this

Why did the French government fall and what happens next?

Simon Toubeau, University of Nottingham France’s shortest-lived government has fallen in a vote of no confidence triggered by a dispute over now-departing prime minister Michel Barnier’s budget. The vote was led by the leftwing populists La France Insoumise and was supported by vote from the far-right Rassemblement National (RN) in an act that